醋酸溶液中Pd-CuPc/Y催化甲烷选择氧化制甲醇

以氯化铜、钼酸铵、苯酐、氯化铵、尿素和NaY分子筛为原料,采用苯酐-尿素法制备了酞菁铜/分子筛复合物CuPc/Y.采用等体积浸渍法将金属钯担载在CuPc/Y上制备了Pd-CuPc/Y催化剂,并在醋酸水溶液中考察了其催化甲烷选择氧化合成甲醇反应的性能,结果表明,催化性能与反应温度、溶剂中CH₃COOH与H₂O的混合比例、对苯醌用量、反应时间等因素有关,在0.5%Pd-0.5%CuPc/Y添加量0.5 g、CH₃COOH与H₂O体积比4∶1、对苯醌用量1 000 μmol、反应时间3 h、反应温度150 ℃的条件下,甲醇的最佳生成量为1 840 μmol.Pd-CuPc/Y催化剂可以多次循环使用,但由于催化剂流失和催化剂表面的钯粒子聚集的原因,循环使用后的催化剂催化活性有所下降.Pd-CuPc/Y在醋酸溶液中催化甲烷选择氧化合成甲醇是亲电取代反应和活性氧物种氧化共同作用的结果.     

磷化镍催化剂的制备机理及其加氢脱氮性能

采用热重-质谱联用技术研究了次磷酸盐在氮气中的热分解过程,探讨了次磷酸盐热分解法制备磷化镍的反应机理:次磷酸镍中的Ni²⁺能够"催化"H₂PO₂^-低温发生歧化反应生成PH₃,继而还原Ni²⁺得到Ni₂P。制备了不同负载量的Ni₂P/SiO₂催化剂,用X射线衍射(XRD)、低温N₂吸附-脱附、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)等分析技术对催化剂结构进行表征。结果表明,Ni₂P活性组分在SiO₂载体上具有良好的分散性,颗粒粒径为5～8 nm。以喹啉为加氢脱氮模型化合物,在高压微型固定床反应器上对催化剂活性进行评价,在反应温度为360℃、氢气压力为2.0 MPa、液时空速为2.0 h^-1、氢油体积比为500:1时,Ni₂P(20%)/SiO₂催化剂的加氢脱氮率为41.5%。     

Design of Sensitive Biocompatible Quantum‐Dots Embedded in Mesoporous Silica Microspheres for the Quantitative Immunoassay of Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐1 Antibodies

A novel sandwich‐type electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor was developed to enable the sensitive detection of HIV‐1 antibodies. This system incorporated mesoporous silica (mSiO₂) complexed with quantum dots (QDs) and nano‐gold particles, which were assembled to enhance signal detection. Magnetic beads were used by immobilizing the secondary anti‐IgG antibody. This was first employed to capture HIV‐1 antibody (Ab) to form a Fe₃O₄/anti‐IgG/Ab complex. A high loading and signal‐enhanced nanocomposite (hereafter referred to as Au‐mSiO₂‐CdTe) was used as a HIV‐1 antigen label. The Au‐mSiO₂‐CdTe nanocomposite was conjugated with the Fe₃O₄/anti‐IgG/Ab complex to form an immunocomplex (hereafter referred to as Fe₃O₄/anti‐IgG/Ab/HIV‐1/CdTe‐mSiO₂‐Au). This complex could be further separated by an external magnetic field to produce ECL signals. Due to the large specific surface area and pore volume of mSiO₂, the loading of the CdTe QDs was markedly increased. Thus, the loaded QDs released a powerful chemiluminescent signal with a concordantly increased sensitivity of the immunosensor. The immunosensor was highly sensitive, and displayed a linear range of responses for HIV‐1 antibody across a dilution range of 1 : 1500 through 1 : 50 with the detection limit of 1 : 4500. The immunoassay can be a promising candidate in early diagnosis of HIV infection.     

Uniformity investigation of MOCVD‐grown LED layers

Doped or undoped gallium nitride compounds (GaN/InGaN), usually grown by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, are at the heart of blue and green light emitting diodes (LEDs). Growth uniformities, such as the excited wavelength, luminous intensity and film thickness, critically influence their application in LED devices. In this paper, growth of GaN compounds in a MOCVD reactor, capable of a one‐time production of 36 × 2” wafers of nitrides, has been investigated. To examine growth uniformity across the wafer and from wafer to wafer, the reactor is divided into Zone A, Zone B and Zone C according to distance to the center of the graphite susceptor. Comparative analysis of each zone offers a straightforward view of the mean excitation wavelength, luminous intensity, film thickness and their standard deviations. Conformity of the growth uniformity in each zone is further checked comprehensively through averaging across‐wafer and wafer‐to‐wafer variables and their standard deviations. Zone B is found to retain excellent wavelength uniformity, since it is located at the middle of the susceptor with weaker effects of the susceptor edge and of the inlet gas flow. Zone A, at the center of the reactor, has the best mean intensity and thickness uniformities due to a well control of the infrared temperature measurement during the growth. And Zone C is worst in all uniformities and should be the main focus when optimizing the reactor. The above experimental analysis reveals the principles common to the MOCVD technique, and provides a basic for further optimization of the process window to improve the cycles with considerable reduction of the costs.     

Effect of Compressive Straining on Nanoindentation Elastic Modulus of Trabecular Bone

Trabecular bone with its porous structure is an important compressive load bearing member. Different structural factors such as porosity, non-homogeneous deformation, varying trabeculae thickness, connectivity, and nanoscale (10 nm to 1 μm) to macroscale (~0.1 mm to 10 mm) composition hierarchy determine the failure properties of trabecular bone. While the above factors have important bearing on bone properties, an understanding of how the local nanoscale properties change at different macroscale compressive strain levels can be important to develop an understanding of how bone fails. In the present work, such analyses are performed on bovine femoral trabecular bone samples derived from a single animal. Analyses focus on measuring nanoindentation elastic moduli at three distinct levels of compressive strains in the bone samples: (1) when the samples are not loaded; (2) after the samples have been loaded to a strain level just before apparent yielding and the macroscale compression test is stopped; and (3) after the samples have been compressed to a strain level after apparent yielding and the macroscale compression test is stopped. Nanoindentation elastic modulus values are two orders of magnitude higher than the macroscale compressive elastic modulus values of all samples. A high variability in macroscale compressive elastic modulus values is observed because of porous architecture and small sample size. Nanoindentation elastic modulus values show a progressive reduction with increase in the extent of macroscale compressive deformation. Apparent yielding has a significant effect on this trend. The decrease in nanoindentation modulus value for all samples accelerates from approximately 20% before yielding to approximately 60% after yielding in comparison to the nanoindentation modulus values at 0% strain level. The level of variation in the predicted nanoindentation modulus values is the lowest for uncompressed samples (~16–18%). However, with increase in the extent of compression, the level of variation increases. It varied between 50% and 90% for the samples tested after yielding showing a widespread heterogeneity in local nanoscale structural order after apparent yielding. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations suggest that apparent yielding significantly destroys local nanoscale structural order. However, quantitative results suggest that a significant residual nanoscale stiffness varying from 5 GPa to 8 GPa among different samples still remains for possible repair facilitation.     

Internal flow numerical simulation of a cross‐flow fan in refrigerant operating condition using user‐defined functions

In the paper, a cross‐flow fan in refrigerant operating condition is systematically simulated using user‐defined functions. Three‐dimensional simulations are acquired with Navier–Stokes equations coupled with k–ε turbulence model, and internal flow characteristics of an indoor split‐type air conditioner are obtained, which is mainly composed of cross‐flow fan and heat exchanger. It has systematically been simulated in the isothermal flow condition that the performance of cross‐flow fan may be reduced easily with dry or humid air, and in the refrigerant operating condition in which user‐defined functions are applied to the humid air, considered as a mixture of dry air and vapor. A density‐modulated function is adopted to deal with the condensation of the vapor at the heat‐transfer region approximately. The results show flow mechanism of the two gas‐phase flow, including phase‐vary process. The distribution of the parameters is not uniform at the inlet of the machine, the intensity and position of pressure and velocity vary along the axial direction of the fan, the distribution of vapor volume fraction and turbulent intensity in heat‐transfer region is obtained, and the external characteristic data of the indoor machine are obtained and analyzed. Compared with the experimental data, the calculated characteristic curves and designed parameters are on target. © British Crown Copyright 2010/MOD. Reproduced with permission. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Limit-periodic Schrödinger operators with uniformly localized eigenfunctions

We exhibit limit-periodic Schrödinger operators that are uniformly localized in the strongest sense possible. That is, for these operators there are uniform exponential decay rates such that every element of the hull has a complete set of eigenvectors that decay exponentially off their centers of localization at least as fast as prescribed by the uniform decay rate. Consequently, these operators exhibit uniform dynamical localization.     

Coexistence of Two Species in a Strongly Coupled Schoener’s Competitive Model

This paper deals with the existence of positive solution to a strongly coupled system with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions describing a Schoener’s competitive interaction of two species. Making use of the Schauder fixed point theorem, a sufficient condition is given for the system to have a coexistence. And true solutions are constructed based on monotone iterative method. Our results show that this model possesses at least one coexistence state if cross-diffusions and intra-specific competitions are weak.     

塞曼效应实验数据分析与处理方法改进

利用CCD观测系统获取了塞曼效应实验分裂的干涉圆环图像,通过计算机软件编写灰度获取程序,将传统的测微目镜测量法和画圆法测量干涉圆环直径改进为利用计算机程序自动获取干涉圆环数据,并通过编写的数据处理程序对获得的数据自动计算和分析,简化了数据分析与处理过程并提高了实验结果的精度.